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Alan Pease, author of a book titled "Why Men Don't Listen and Women Can't Read Maps", believes that women are spatially-challenged compared to men. The British firm, Admiral Insurance, conducted a study of half a million claims. They found that "women were almost twice as likely as men to have a collision in a car park, 23 percent more likely to hit a stationary car, and 15 percent more likely to reverse into another vehicle" (Reuters). Yet gender "differences" are often the outcomes of bad scholarship. Consider Admiral insurance's data. As Britain's Automobile Association (AA) correctly pointed out - women drivers tend to make more short journeys around towns and shopping centers and these involve frequent parking. Hence their ubiquity in certain kinds of claims. Regarding women's alleged spatial deficiency, in Britain, girls have been outperforming boys in scholastic aptitude tests - including geometry and maths - since 1988. On the other wing of the divide, Anthony Clare, a British psychiatrist and author of "On Men" wrote: "At the beginning of the 21st century it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that men are in serious trouble. Throughout the world, developed and developing, antisocial behavior is essentially male. Violence, sexual abuse of children, illicit drug use, alcohol misuse, gambling, all are overwhelmingly male activities. The courts and prisons bulge with men. When it comes to aggression, delinquent behavior, risk taking and social mayhem, men win gold." Men also mature later, die earlier, are more susceptible to infections and most types of cancer, are more likely to be dyslexic, to suffer from a host of mental health disorders, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and to commit suicide. In her book, "Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man", Susan Faludi describes a crisis of masculinity following the breakdown of manhood models and work and family structures in the last five decades. In the film "Boys don't Cry", a teenage girl binds her breasts and acts the male in a caricatural relish of stereotypes of virility. Being a man is merely a state of mind, the movie implies. But what does it really mean to be a "male" or a "female"? Are gender identity and sexual preferences genetically determined? Can they be reduced to one's sex? Or are they amalgams of biological, social, and psychological factors in constant interaction? Are they immutable lifelong features or dynamically evolving frames of self-reference? Certain traits attributed to one's sex are surely better accounted for by cultural factors, the process of socialization, gender roles, and what George Devereux called "ethnopsychiatry" in "Basic Problems of Ethnopsychiatry" (University of Chicago Press, 1980). He suggested to divide the unconscious into the id (the part that was always instinctual and unconscious) and the "ethnic unconscious" (repressed material that was once conscious). The latter is mostly molded by prevailing cultural mores and includes all our defense mechanisms and most of the superego. So, how can we tell whether our sexual role is mostly in our blood or in our brains? The scrutiny of borderline cases of human sexuality - notably the transgendered or intersexed - can yield clues as to the distribution and relative weights of biological, social, and psychological determinants of gender identity formation. The results of a study conducted by Uwe Hartmann, Hinnerk Becker, and Claudia Rueffer-Hesse in 1997 and titled "Self and Gender: Narcissistic Pathology and Personality Factors in Gender Dysphoric Patients", published in the "International Journal of Transgenderism", "indicate significant psychopathological aspects and narcissistic dysregulation in a substantial proportion of patients." Are these "psychopathological aspects" merely reactions to underlying physiological realities and changes? Could social ostracism and labeling have induced them in the "patients"? The authors conclude: "The cumulative evidence of our study ... is consistent with the view that gender dysphoria is a disorder of the sense of self as has been proposed by Beitel (1985) or Pfäfflin (1993). The central problem in our patients is about identity and the self in general and the transsexual wish seems to be an attempt at reassuring and stabilizing the self-coherence which in turn can lead to a further destabilization if the self is already too fragile. In this view the body is instrumentalized to create a sense of identity and the splitting symbolized in the hiatus between the rejected body-self and other parts of the self is more between good and bad objects than between masculine and feminine." Freud, Kraft-Ebbing, and Fliess suggested that we are all bisexual to a certain degree. As early as 1910, Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld argued, in Berlin, that absolute genders are "abstractions, invented extremes". The consensus today is that one's sexuality is, mostly, a psychological construct which reflects gender role orientation. Joanne Meyerowitz, a professor of history at Indiana University and the editor of The Journal of American History observes, in her recently published tome, "How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States", that the very meaning of masculinity and femininity is in constant flux. Transgender activists, says Meyerowitz, insist that gender and sexuality represent "distinct analytical categories". The New York Times wrote in its review of the book: "Some male-to-female transsexuals have sex with men and call themselves homosexuals. Some female-to-male transsexuals have sex with women and call themselves lesbians. Some transsexuals call themselves asexual." So, it is all in the mind, you see. This would be taking it too far. A large body of scientific evidence points to the genetic and biological underpinnings of sexual behavior and preferences. The German science magazine, "Geo", reported recently that the males of the fruit fly "drosophila melanogaster" switched from heterosexuality to homosexuality as the temperature in the lab was increased from 19 to 30 degrees Celsius. They reverted to chasing females as it was lowered. The brain structures of homosexual sheep are different to those of straight sheep, a study conducted recently by the Oregon Health & Science University and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Sheep Experiment Station in Dubois, Idaho, revealed. Similar differences were found between gay men and straight ones in 1995 in Holland and elsewhere. The preoptic area of the hypothalamus was larger in heterosexual men than in both homosexual men and straight women. According an article, titled "When Sexual Development Goes Awry", by Suzanne Miller, published in the September 2000 issue of the "World and I", various medical conditions give rise to sexual ambiguity. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), involving excessive androgen production by the adrenal cortex, results in mixed genitalia. A person with the complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) has a vagina, external female genitalia and functioning, androgen-producing, testes - but no uterus or fallopian tubes. People with the rare 5-alpha reductase deficiency syndrome are born with ambiguous genitalia. They appear at first to be girls. At puberty, such a person develops testicles and his clitoris swells and becomes a penis. Hermaphrodites possess both ovaries and testicles (both, in most cases, rather undeveloped). Sometimes the ovaries and testicles are combined into a chimera called ovotestis. Most of these individuals have the chromosomal composition of a woman together with traces of the Y, male, chromosome. All hermaphrodites have a sizable penis, though rarely generate sperm. Some hermaphrodites develop breasts during puberty and menstruate. Very few even get pregnant and give birth. Anne Fausto-Sterling, a developmental geneticist, professor of medical science at Brown University, and author of "Sexing the Body", postulated, in 1993, a continuum of 5 sexes to supplant the current dimorphism: males, merms (male pseudohermaphrodites), herms (true hermaphrodites), ferms (female pseudohermaphrodites), and females. Intersexuality (hermpahroditism) is a natural human state. We are all conceived with the potential to develop into either sex. The embryonic developmental default is female. A series of triggers during the first weeks of pregnancy places the fetus on the path to maleness. In rare cases, some women have a male's genetic makeup (XY chromosomes) and vice versa. But, in the vast majority of cases, one of the sexes is clearly selected. Relics of the stifled sex remain, though. Women have the clitoris as a kind of symbolic penis. Men have breasts (mammary glands) and nipples. The Encyclopedia Britannica 2003 edition describes the formation of ovaries and testes thus: "In the young embryo a pair of gonads develop that are indifferent or neutral, showing no indication whether they are destined to develop into testes or ovaries. There are also two different duct systems, one of which can develop into the female system of oviducts and related apparatus and the other into the male sperm duct system. As development of the embryo proceeds, either the male or the female reproductive tissue differentiates in the originally neutral gonad of the mammal." Yet, sexual preferences, genitalia and even secondary sex characteristics, such as facial and pubic hair are first order phenomena. Can genetics and biology account for male and female behavior patterns and social interactions ("gender identity")? Can the multi-tiered complexity and richness of human masculinity and femininity arise from simpler, deterministic, building blocks? Sociobiologists would have us think so. For instance: the fact that we are mammals is astonishingly often overlooked. Most mammalian families are composed of mother and offspring. Males are peripatetic absentees. Arguably, high rates of divorce and birth out of wedlock coupled with rising promiscuity merely reinstate this natural "default mode", observes Lionel Tiger, a professor of anthropology at Rutgers University in New Jersey. That three quarters of all divorces are initiated by women tends to support this view. Furthermore, gender identity is determined during gestation, claim some scholars. Milton Diamond of the University of Hawaii and Dr. Keith Sigmundson, a practicing psychiatrist, studied the much-celebrated John/Joan case. An accidentally castrated normal male was surgically modified to look female, and raised as a girl but to no avail. He reverted to being a male at puberty. His gender identity seems to have been inborn (assuming he was not subjected to conflicting cues from his human environment). The case is extensively described in John Colapinto's tome "As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl". HealthScoutNews cited a study published in the November 2002 issue of "Child Development". The researchers, from City University of London, found that the level of maternal testosterone during pregnancy affects the behavior of neonatal girls and renders it more masculine. "High testosterone" girls "enjoy activities typically considered male behavior, like playing with trucks or guns". Boys' behavior remains unaltered, according to the study. Yet, other scholars, like John Money, insist that newborns are a "blank slate" as far as their gender identity is concerned. This is also the prevailing view. Gender and sex-role identities, we are taught, are fully formed in a process of socialization which ends by the third year of life. The Encyclopedia Britannica 2003 edition sums it up thus: "Like an individual's concept of his or her sex role, gender identity develops by means of parental example, social reinforcement, and language. Parents teach sex-appropriate behavior to their children from an early age, and this behavior is reinforced as the child grows older and enters a wider social world. As the child acquires language, he also learns very early the distinction between "he" and "she" and understands which pertains to him- or herself." So, which is it - nature or nurture? There is no disputing the fact that our sexual physiology and, in all probability, our sexual preferences are determined in the womb. Men and women are different - physiologically and, as a result, also psychologically. Society, through its agents - foremost amongst which are family, peers, and teachers - represses or encourages these genetic propensities. It does so by propagating "gender roles" - gender-specific lists of alleged traits, permissible behavior patterns, and prescriptive morals and norms. Our "gender identity" or "sex role" is shorthand for the way we make use of our natural genotypic-phenotypic endowments in conformity with social-cultural "gender roles". Inevitably as the composition and bias of these lists change, so does the meaning of being "male" or "female". Gender roles are constantly redefined by tectonic shifts in the definition and functioning of basic social units, such as the nuclear family and the workplace. The cross-fertilization of gender-related cultural memes renders "masculinity" and "femininity" fluid concepts. One's sex equals one's bodily equipment, an objective, finite, and, usually, immutable inventory. But our endowments can be put to many uses, in different cognitive and affective contexts, and subject to varying exegetic frameworks. As opposed to "sex" - "gender" is, therefore, a socio-cultural narrative. Both heterosexual and homosexual men ejaculate. Both straight and lesbian women climax. What distinguishes them from each other are subjective introjects of socio-cultural conventions, not objective, immutable "facts". In "The New Gender Wars", published in the November/December 2000 issue of "Psychology Today", Sarah Blustain sums up the "bio-social" model proposed by Mice Eagly, a professor of psychology at Northwestern University and a former student of his, Wendy Wood, now a professor at the Texas A&M University: "Like (the evolutionary psychologists), Eagly and Wood reject social constructionist notions that all gender differences are created by culture. But to the question of where they come from, they answer differently: not our genes but our roles in society. This narrative focuses on how societies respond to the basic biological differences - men's strength and women's reproductive capabilities - and how they encourage men and women to follow certain patterns. 'If you're spending a lot of time nursing your kid', explains Wood, 'then you don't have the opportunity to devote large amounts of time to developing specialized skills and engaging tasks outside of the home'. And, adds Eagly, 'if women are charged with caring for infants, what happens is that women are more nurturing. Societies have to make the adult system work [so] socialization of girls is arranged to give them experience in nurturing'. According to this interpretation, as the environment changes, so will the range and texture of gender differences. At a time in Western countries when female reproduction is extremely low, nursing is totally optional, childcare alternatives are many, and mechanization lessens the importance of male size and strength, women are no longer restricted as much by their smaller size and by child-bearing. That means, argue Eagly and Wood, that role structures for men and women will change and, not surprisingly, the way we socialize people in these new roles will change too. (Indeed, says Wood, 'sex differences seem to be reduced in societies where men and women have similar status,' she says. If you're looking to live in more gender-neutral environment, try Scandinavia.)" penis enargement before and after penis enlargment technique manual penis enlargment exercise truth about penis enlargement vigrx for men truth about penile enlargement pills do penis enlarement pills work penis enhancement surgery photo

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Appropriate systematic and repeated fulfillment of your elementary Passion requires only two things a willing partner and the desire. Least you bother about anything. But if your body fails to reciprocate the excitement of your mind, if you are having problem in getting and maintaining an erection hard enough to enjoy sex. Then, the reason can be attributed to Erectile Dysfunction. ED is a widespread phenomenon and a time comes when every man finds it difficult to have an erection. This problem is associated with stress, exhaustion, and consuming too much alcohol. It is estimated that one in ten men suffers with a frequent and long standing erection problem. The problem becomes more frequent in older age. It is also true that only a small number of men who suffer with frequent and long standing erection actually seek medical assistance. This is strange since effective treatments are available for many men that can really help. When Pfizer first introduced Viagra to treat ED in 1998 and its phenomenal success in achieving the same inspired other pharmaceutical companies to bring out their version of medicine. IN November 2003 FDA approved Cialis (tadaalfil) from Elli Lilly and Icos corp to treat ED Cialis is in group of medication known as PDE-5 inhibitors that treats the cases of Erectile Dysfunction in men. It is selective inhibitor of cyclic guanosine monophosphate(cGMP) specific phosphodiesterose type. Erection occurs when the effect of cialis smooth the muscles in penis and also increase the size of blood vessels which deliver more blood to penis, at the same time blood vessels that take the blood away from penis decreases in size and remove less blood from the penis. Any medication which is being used to treat ED demands compliance with certain prerequisites before you start using it. It is always better to discuss with your physician in detail about health and all the medication you have been through. Tell your doctor about kidney condition (if you are on dialysis) or lever condition, you may need dosage adjustment. You should also avoid using it if you are taking medicine such as nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate. Taking cialis along with these medications can prove critical because it exaggerates the heart rate or may cause sudden and unsafe drop in blood pressure. It takes two to tango but Cialis with alcohol can prove too taxing for you. It may cause excessive drops in blood pressure and cause dizziness, headaches and increased heart rate. Any medicine which treats erectile dysfunction doesn’t claim to cure impotency for good. It simply arrests it temporarily and how long they hold it also not uniform. It may last up to 36 hours. pennis enlargement fact com elargement penis penis pump pennis enlargement surgery vimax extender penis elargement product pnis girth enlargement penis enlargment pills pennis enlargement photo guide to penis enhancement

Sleep consumes as much as one-third or more of the average human’s life. Even if people hope for restful sleep, many types of sleep disorder reduce the quality and quantity of sleep. Snoring is the most common cause of sleep disorder that affects people. Snoring is divided into two categories: Obstructive sleep apnea and Primary snoring. Obstructive sleep apnea: Loud, excessive snoring, interrupted by breathing stoppages and gasping for breath. Other symptoms include excessive sleepiness in the daytime and obesity. Also, it was found that is more common in male. Primary Snoring: is very common and is unrelated to apneic episodes. Primary snoring may be an early predictor for people who will eventually develop obstructive sleep apnea. This progression is more likely in people at ages 35-40 and who undergo a weight gain. Primary snoring is characterized by loud noises that disturb the sleeper or sleep partners and can be caused by different types of problems: anatomic - if the oropharynx is smaller or more narrow than normal, a deviated nasal septum, hypertrophy of the tonsils and/or adenoids, temporary or permanent enlargement of the nasal turbinate (nasal obstruction), mandibular abnormalities, or tongue enlargement and smoking. Medical consequences: The obstructive sleep apnea should always be checked by a physician. The fact that you won’t receive the proper amount of air will lead in time to serious diseases. Not enough air means poor blood and brain oxygenation. Even primary snoring can signal other morbid conditions. Nocturnal asthma may be a cause of snoring and snoring may be a trigger for nocturnal asthma. The day time tiredness and sleepiness is only a residual effect of snoring. Snoring often coexists with hypertension, heart disease, asthma and brain ischemia. Smoking - Cigarette smoking has been demonstrated to be the cause of numerous medical problems, including snoring. The cause is the negative effect of smoking on mucociliary clearance reducing the ciliary mobility, increasing the upper airway blockages and allowing mucus to collect. This effect can even occur through exposure to second-hand smoke. Nasal Obstruction - a normal breathe through the nose while sleeping will not cause snoring. When a nasal obstruction appears that we must breathe through the mouth, increasing the risk of snoring. Opening the airway passages through the upper respiratory tract is one solution to snoring. Depending on your snoring pattern, Salin air salinizer could be a real help to prevent and reduce snoring. The fact that the inhaled saline has bactericide, mucokinetic, hydrophilic and anti inflammatory properties leads to reducing inflammation in the mucosa lining the airway passages, opening and widening the airway. Will restore the normal transport of mucus and unclog the blockages absorbing the edema of the nasal mucosa and the oropharynx and the soft palate, causing nasal obstruction and snoring. Widening the airway passage in the nose and the tubes of the sinuses will also improve the sinuses drainage and will reduce snoring. However, if a person seems to gasp for breath during sleep, the snoring may be caused by obstructive sleep apnea and this is a serious medical condition and he/she should see a doctor. Thinking now about pets, they are part of our life, day and night, including their problems. A dog snoring pattern is very much the same as ours and looking for a snoring help, a snoring device or a home remedy for snoring dog is not a problem anymore. As your pet could have also asthma or snoring the salinized air will work great also for him. For more information, kindly refer to the website. NB: The author grants reprint permission to opt-in publications and websites so long as the copyright and by-line are included intact and the article is not used in spam. penis enlarement pic truth about penis enargement pills cheap penile enlargement pills guide to penis enargement does pnis enlargement work best elargement exercise penis do penis enlarement pills really work buy place vigrx guide to penis enhancement

Is it true that you are not able to find solace on your sex partners arms? The only reason behind that may be your own erectile problem. It is a problem faced by many old male sex partners around the globe. Though there have been much progress in medical science it had not been able to give answers to erectile problem for long. But with the advent of Viagra brought by Pfizer Inc. old males can get back their lost erection and most importantly the love of belongingness. Viagra is an alternative of Levitra. Both of them act in the same way. Both helps in infusing phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) enzymes in penis which relaxes the penile muscles and increases blood flow in it. The flow of the blood stiffens the penis, but to have sex one has to maintain that stiffness. In that enlarging penis blocks the vein which is to circulate the blood back into the system. Thus the blood level is maintained in the penis till penis gets relaxed. Which means, Viagra acts as a spark for all of the above chain of events? But taking Levitra alternative Viagra without proper medical guidance can run havoc in your health. It is advised that you consult a doctor first to have the pill. While seeing the doctor you should tell him if you have any – heart ailments, blood pressure, asthma, allergy and diabetes etc. Women and children should stay away from this pill. But it does not mean that as soon as one takes the pill he gets an erection. To have an erection he must have sexual arousal at first. The drug effects usually after half an hour of taking it and lasts for around 4-5 hours. So, if you take the drug to get over impotency you have to have sex within these hours. The normal dose for the drug is a pill a day but a doctor is the right person to decide what should be your required dose. Levitra alternative Viagra side effects that have been observed till date are mild and are short in nature. Frequent side effects include – facial blushing, upset stomach and headache. But side effects like blurred vision and inability to distinguish blue and green colours may appear. In case of side effects do not hesitate to see your doctor. penis girth elargement penis enlargement surgery picture top rated penis enhancement pills do pnis enlargement pills really work vimax plastic surgery penis enlargement home penis elargement natural pnis enlargement and lengthening natural penis elargement and lengthening guide to penis enhancement

The thyroid is a gland located on the anterior (front) portion of the neck attached to the upper part of the trachea (windpipe). The thyroid is a bi-lobed gland. This gland is small in size, about 4 centimeters long and 1-2 centimeters wide. The thyroid produces and secretes biologically important hormones. Tissue in the thyroid is made up of two different kinds of cells: follicular and parafollicular cells. The thyroid is composed mostly of follicular cells which secrete T3 and T4 hormones. The T4 hormone (thyroxine) and T3 hormone (triiodothyronine) is derived from the amino acid tyrosine during iodination of the amino acid. Parafollicular cells secrete the hormone calcitonin. Iodine is important in the function of the thyroid gland. Iodine is a chief component of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Iodine deficiency can cause thyroid dysfunction, hence the need for iodized salt. The thyroid also produces and secretes the hormone calcitonin. The hormone calcitonin decreases plasma calcium ions concentration by inhibiting the release of calcium ions from the bone. Calcitonin secretion is regulated by plasma calcium ion levels. The thyroid plays a key role in regulating the body’s metabolism. What is metabolism? Metabolism is a chemical reaction that occurs in the body’s cells, releasing energy from the nutrients ingested. Metabolism also uses energy to create other biologically important substances such as proteins. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is a measurement of the body’s required energy to keep functioning at rest (measured in calories). Exertion, stress, fear, and illness increase the body’s metabolic rate. The thyroid has many other bodily functions. The thyroid helps regulate calcium levels in the body. The thyroid can increase the body’s temperature, thus burning more calories. This in turn increases the body’s appetite. The thyroid also promotes glucose catabolism. Catabolism is the break down of complex glucose forms into simpler, more usable forms for energy usage. This gland stimulates protein synthesis, increases lipolysis. Lipolysis is the hydrolysis of lipids (fats), in which the lipids are broken down into simpler or usable forms. The thyroid also promotes normal heart function, normal neural development in fetus and growing infants, and normal neural function in adults. The thyroid is influenced by hormones produced by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. This gland produces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to absorb iodine and then synthesize and release thyroid hormones. The hypothalamus is located above the pituitary gland in the brain. This hormone produces thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). The hypothalamus and pituitary gland detect low levels of thyroid hormones in the blood. TRH is released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the pituitary gland to release TSH. TSH in turn stimulates the thyroid gland to produce more T3 and T4 hormones. This returns the thyroid hormone levels in the blood back to normal. Inflammation of the thyroid or a deficiency in iodine causes the condition called hypothyroidism. The thyroid hormones become under secreted or are not secreted at all with hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism symptoms include fatigue, slowed heart and respiratory rate, cold intolerance, and weight gain. Newborn infants with hypothyroidism (cretinism) are characterized by mental retardation and short stature. The thyroid can also be over stimulated in a condition termed hyperthyroidism. This results in over secretion of the thyroid hormones. Symptoms associated with this disorder include an increased metabolic rate, profuse sweating, heart palpitations, weight loss, protruding eyes, and a feeling of excessive warmth. With both conditions the thyroid often enlarges resulting in goiter. However, goiter does not always indicate disease. Thyroid enlargement can result during pregnancy and puberty. If you exhibit some of the above symptoms, you should consult your physician for further follow up. Many women due have serious concerns regarding their thyroid gland. If you have tried to lose weight with no success, maybe it is due to the thyroid.